17
«Quis enim rex, quis princeps qui praeter sanguinis cognationem atque necessitudinem non multis nominibus si genus, si potentiam, si legitimam electionem et deorum et hominum consensum spectemus, et amicum et emperatorem regemque suum salutem. Itaque cum is Carolus iure sit monarcha, velint et eundem esse, agnoscere nec usquam quod sine gravi piaculo fiery non potest, a dei iudicio alio provocare» (Sauromanus (Sauermann) Georgius. Hispaniae Consolatio. Louvain, 1520 (репринт: Madrid, 1977). Sig. C2r); «Quando alegremente fue elegido para el regimiento de altissima e mayor prefectura del mundo que es la monarchia del imperio romana» (Guitierres de Torres Alvaro. El sumario de las mara villosas y espantables cosas que en el mundo han acontescido. Toledo, 1524 (репринт: Madrid, 1954). P. 89).
18
Bosbach F. The European Debate on Universal Monarchy // Theories of Empire, 1450–1800 / ed. by D. Armitage. Ashgate, 2001. P. 81–99.
19
Yates F. Astrea: The Impirial theme in the Sexteenth Century. London, 1977; Bosbach F. Monarchia Universalis. Ein Politischer Leitbergriff der Fruhen Neuzeit. Hamburg, 1988.
20
Graphaeus Cornelius. Divi Caroli Caesaris Opt. Max. desyderatissimus ex Hispania in Germaniam reditus. Antwerpen, 1520 (репринт: Madrid, 1976). Sig. A3v.
21
Richardson J. Imperium Romanum: Empire and the Language of Power // The Journal of Roman Studies. 1991. Vol. 81. P. 1–9; Lintott A. What was «Imperium Romanum» // Greece & Rome. 2nd ser. 1981. Vol. 28. No. I. P. 53–67; Koebner R. Empire. Cambridge, 1961. P. 1–17.
22
Headley J. Habsburg World Empire and the Revival of Ghibellinism // Theories of Empire, 1450–1800. P. 45–81.
23
Koebner R. Empire… P. 10–17.
24
Perry D. «Catholicum Opus Imperiale Regiminis Mundi». An Early Sixteenth Century Restatement of Empire // History of Political Thought. 1981. Vol. 2. No. 2. P. 227–252.
25
Tierney B. «The Prince is not Bound by the Laws»: Accursius and the Origins of the Modern State // Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1963. Vol. 5. P. 378–400.
26
Gilmore M. Argument from Roman Law in Political Thought, 1200–1600. Cambridge (Mass.), 1941. P. 34–56.
27
Tierney B. The Continuity of Papal Political Thought in the 13th Century // Medieval Studies. 1963. Vol. 27. P. 227–248.
28
Muldoon J. «Extra ecclesiam non est imperium». Canonists and the Legitimacy of Secular Power // Studia Gratiana. 1966. Vol. 9. P. 551–580.
29
В некоторых случаях использовался синоним «plena auctoritas». Так, например, Ординарная глосса Иоанна Тевтоника (ум. 1216) на Дикреты Грациана содержала специальный раздел «Plena auctoritate» (Pennington K. Pope and Bishops: A Study of Papal Monarchy of 12th & 13th Centuries. Pennsylvania University Press, 1984. P. 59).
30
McCready W. Papal Plenitudo Potestatis and the Source of Temporal Power in Late Medieval Political Thought // Speculum. 1973. Vol. 48. P. 654–674.
31
Pennington K. Pope and Bishops… P. 60–63.
32
Watt J. The Theory of Papal Monarchy in the 13th Century. Contribution of Canonists. Fordham University Press, 1965. P. 75–106.
33
Oakley F. The Western Church in Late Middle Ages. Cornell University Press, 1979. P. 143–145.
34
Watt J. The Theory of Papal Monarchy… P. 161–187.
35
Oakley F. Omnipotence, Covenant and Order: An Excursion in History of Political Thought from Abelard to Leibniz. Cornell University Press, 1984. P. 93–118.
36
Post G. Studies in Medieval Legal Thought: Public Law and the State. 1100–1322. Princeton, 1964. P. 453–493.
37
Более подробно о явлениях дисперсии: Хачатурян Н. А. Полицентризм и структуры в политической жизни средневекового общества // Власть и общество в Западной Европе в Средние века / отв. ред. Н. А. Хачатурян. М., 2008. С. 8–13.
38
Calasso F. Origini italiane della formola «rex in regno suo est imperator» // Revista di storia del diritto italiano. 1930. Vol. 3. P. 213–259.
39
Pennington K. Pope Innocent III’s View on Church and State: A Gloss to Per Venerabilem // Law, Church and Society: Essays in Honor of Stephen Kuttner / ed. by K. Pennington, C. Somerville. Philadelphia, 1977. P. 49–67.
40
Oldradus da Ponte. Consilia. Lyon, 1550. Consilium No. 69. Sig. 21r-S26v.
41
«Longe ante imperium et romanorum genus ex antique, scilicet iure gentium quod cum ipso humano genere proditum est, fuerunt regna cognita, condita». Фраза принадлежит Марину из Караманико (ум. 1288). Цит по: Calasso F. I glossatori e la teoria della sovranita. Milano, 1957. P. 196.
42
«Videndum est ergo qualiter [imperator] acquisivit dominium. Et ipse allegat quod habet causam a populo qui ei concessit, et in eum transtulit omnem imperii potestatem… Respondetur sic quod populous non potuit plus iuris conferre in eum quam habuit… sed populous non habuit de jure dominium super alias nations, ergo nec ipse» (Oldradus da Ponte. Consilia. Consilium No. 69. Sig. 24v).
43
Наиболее ранний вариант рассуждений на эту тему принадлежит Андреасу из Исернии (ум. 1316): «Cum causa rex alius poterit in regno suo quod imperator potest in terra imperii… primi domini fuerunt reges, ut dicit Sallustius… pedditae ergo sunt provinciae (quae regem habent) formae pristinae habendi reges, quod facile fit… Liberi reges tantum habent in regnis suis quanum imperator in imperio» (Andreas de Isernia. In usus feodorum commentaria. Lyon, 1579. Sig. 286r).
44
«Where by divers sundrie old auntentike histories and chronicles it is manifestly declared and expressed that this Realm of Englond is an Impire, and so hath ben accepted in the worlde, governed by oon supreme heede and King having dignitie and roiall estate of the Imperiall Crowne of the same, unto whom a Body politike, compacte of all sortes and degrees of people… ben bounded and owen to bere next to God a naturall and humble obedience» (An Acte that the Appeles in suche cases as have ben used to be persuit to the See of Rome shall not be from hensforth had ne used but within this Realme (1533: 24Henry VIII, c.12) // Statutes of the Realm. London, 1817. Vol. III. P. 427).
45
Более подробно об этом см.: Ullmann W. This Realm of England is an Empire // Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 1979. Vol. 30. No. 2. P. 175–203.
46
Kantorowicz E. The Kings two bodies: a study in Medieval Political Theology. Princeton, 1957; Canning J. Law Sovereignty and Corporation Theory // Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought. 350–1450. Cambridge, 1987. P. 473–477.
47
Хачатурян Н. А. Средневековый корпоративизм и процессы самоорганизации в обществе. Взгляд историка-медиевиста на проблему коллективного субъекта // Власть и общество в Западной Европе в Средние века. С. 31–46.
48
«universitas nil aliud est nisi hominess qui ibi sunt» (Accursius. Glossa Ordinaria // Corpus Juris Civilis. Venice, 1497. Sig. 63v (Ad Dig. 3.4.7)).
49
Об этом подробнее: Canning J. The Corporation in the Political Thought of the Italian Jurists of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries // History of Political Thought. 1980. Vol. I. P. 15–24; Wilks M. The Problem of Sovereignty in the Late Middle Ages. Cambridge, 1963. P. 24.
50
Wolf C. Bartolus of Sassoferrato: His Position in the History of Medieval Political Thought. Cambridge, 1913. P. 156–159.
51
Формула «civitas quae superiorem non recognoscit», определявшая суверенный город-республику, а затем и любое территориальное государство как «sibi princeps» или «vice principis» (Baldus de Ubaldis. Consilia. I–V. Brescia, 1490–1491 (репринт: Roma, 1894). II. No. 49).
52
Baldus de Ubaldis. Lectura super prima et secunda parte digesti veteris. Lyon, 1498 (репринт: Turin, 1987). Ad Dig. I.I.9. Sig. 9r.
53
Meijers E. Etudes d’histoire du droit. 4 vols. Leiden, 1956–1973. Vol. III. P. 156–198.