36
Там же.
37
Там же.
38
Prewitt-Freilino, Caswell and Laakso (2012).
39
https://cdn.emogi.com/docs/reports/2016_emoji_report.pdf.
40
http://www.adweek.com/digital/report-92-of-online-consumers-use-emojiinfographic/.
41
Согласно большинству источников, первые эмодзи появились в 1998–1999 гг.
42
https://unicode.org/L2/L2016/16160-emoji-professions.pdf.
43
http://www.adweek.com/digital/report-92-of-online-consumers-use-emojiinfographic/.
44
http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16181-gender-zwj-sequences.pdf.
45
Bradley, Adam, MacArthur, Cayley, Carpendale, Sheelagh and Hancock, Mark, ‘Gendered or Neutral? Considering the Language of HCI’, Graphics Interface Conference 2015, 3–5 June, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, http://graphicsinterface.org/wp-content/uploads/gi2015-21.pdf.
46
https://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/institutions/bias.html.
47
Naureen Durrani (2008), ‘Schooling the ‘other’: the representation of gender and national identities in Pakistani curriculum texts’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 38:5, 595–610.
48
Lambdin, Jennifer R., Greer, Kristen M., Jibotian, Kari Selby, Wood, Kelly Rice and Hamilton, Mykol C. (2003), ’The Animal = Male Hypothesis: Children’s and Adults’ Beliefs About the Sex of Non-Sex-Specific Stuffed Animals’, Sex Roles, 48:11–12, 471–482.
49
http://www.br-online.de/jugend/izi/deutsch/forschung/gender/IZI_Guidelines_WEB.pdf.
50
http://seejane.org/wp-content/uploads/key-findings-gender-roles-2013.pdf.
51
http://wmc.3cdn.net/dcdb0bcb4b0283f501_mlbres23x.pdf.
52
http://www.news.com.au/finance/money/australia-a-world-leaderin-female-representation-on-banknotes/news-story/3cf7c3b5ed3838075d571a64c7fcdff6.
53
Проект «Глобальный медиамониторинг» (The Global Media Monitoring Project, GMMP) – крупнейший исследовательский и правозащитный проект, нацеленный на анализ освещения гендерной проблематики в СМИ. Каждые пять лет с 1995 г. проект собирает данные по таким направлениям, как присутствие женщин в СМИ, дискриминация по половому признаку и гендерные стереотипы. Последнее исследование проводилось в 2015 г. по 114 странам.
54
http://cdn.agilitycms.com/who-makes-the-news/Imported/reports_2015/highlights/highlights_en.pdf.
55
Silvina Bongiovanni (2014), ‘‘No se preocupe la señora marquesa’: A study of gender bias in example sentences in the RAE grammar textbook’, IULC Working Papers, 14:1 https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/iulcwp/article/download/26200/31823.
56
Clark, Roger, Allard, Jeffrey and Mahoney, Timothy (2004) ‘How Much of the Sky? Women in American High School History Textbooks from the 1960s, 1980s and 1990s’, Social Education, 68:1, 57–62.
57
Amy L. Atchison (2017), ‘Where Are the Women? An Analysis of Gender Mainstreaming in Introductory Political Science Textbooks’, Journal of Political Science Education, 13:2, 185–199.
58
Iveta Silova (2016), ‘Gender Analysis of Armenian School Curriculum and Textbooks Policy Brief’, PhD (June 2016), Arizona State University, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/24948/Gender0analysi0ooks000policy0brief.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y; Chiponda, Annie F and Wassermann, Johann (2016), ‘The depiction of women in the verbal text of a junior secondary Malawian history textbook – an analysis’, Yesterday & Today, 16, 40–59; https://www.ei-ie.org/en/woe_homepage/woe_detail/15405/curriculum-textbooks-and-gender-stereotypes-the-case-of-pakistan; Durrani (2008); Ullah, Hazir and Skelton, Christine (2013), ‘Gender representation in the public sector schools textbooks of Pakistan’, Educational Studies 39:2; 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2010 studies cit. Chiponda, Annie F and Wassermann, Johann (2016).
59
http://www.siliconera.com/2016/12/02/metroid-developers-discuss-decided-make-samus-aran-woman-new-interview/.
60
Исследовательский центр Пью (Pew Research Center) – американский исследовательский центр, занимающийся изучением социальных и демографических проблем, а также общественного мнения в США и мире.
61
http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/12/15/gaming-and-gamers/.
62
http://wmc.3cdn.net/dcdb0bcb4b0283f501_mlbres23x.pdf.
63
Выставка электронных развлечений (Electronic Entertainment Expo, E3) – ежегодная выставка компьютерных игр, игровых приставок, аксессуаров и т. д., проводимая Entertainment Software Association (ESA).
64
Feminist Frequency – сайт, посвященный анализу изображений женщин в массовой культуре.
65
https://feministfrequency.com/2015/06/22/gender-breakdown-of-games-showcased-at-e3-2015.
66
https://www.kotaku.co.uk/2015/07/15/fifas-struggle-to-include-women-reveals-a-lot-about-gamings-problems-with-diversity.
67
https://feministfrequency.com/2016/06/17/gender-breakdown-of-games-showcased-at-e3-2016/.
68
http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/03/nyregion/campus-life-georgetown-white-male-writers-is-the-title-of-english-112.html.
69
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/sep/05/suffragette-review-historical-drama-tub-thumps-hard-despite-having-your-vote.
70
https://ai2-s2-pdfs.s3.amazonaws.com/05e1/0638aab94ca0d46ddde8083ff69859a0401e.pdf.
71
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/womens-blog/2016/aug/17/normal-society-means-male-andy-murray-venus-serena-williams?CMP=fb_gu.
72
https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/08/05/19/54/160805-wnt-a-historyof-the-usa-at-the-olympic-games.
73
http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/thor-aswoman-marvel-reveals-new-incarnation-of-superhero-in-comic-series-9608661.html.
74
https://www.wired.com/2015/10/hugo-awards-controversy.
75
http://www.mamamia.com.au/star-wars-movie-features-a-female-lead; http://screencrush.com/rogue-one-female-lead-angry-fans/.
76
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/21/former-doctor-peter-davison-says-female-choice-role-means-loss/.
77
https://www.insider.com/doctor-who-first-woman-jodie-whittaker-sexist-reactions-2017-7.
78
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/25/readers-prefer-authors-own-sex-goodreads-survey.
79
https://kotaku.com/ubisoft-cut-plans-for-female-assassins-in-unity-1589278349.
80
http://www.kotaku.co.uk/2014/06/16/whole-assassins-creed-thing.
81
См. также Anna Beer (2016): Sounds and Sweet Airs: The Forgotten Women of Classical Music, London.
82
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-39191514.
83
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/18/battle-prejudice-warrior-women-ancient-amazons.
84
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/01/caroline-louisa-daly-art-men-attribution.
85
https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130519-women-scientists-overlooked-dna-history-science/.
86
http://www.newn.cam.ac.uk/about/history/biographies/.
87
Edexcel – один из экзаменационных советов Великобритании, контролирующий присвоение учащимся и выпускникам средних школ аттестатов и квалификаций.
88
Видимо, автор имеет в виду «Интернациональную энциклопедию женщин-композиторов» Аарона Коэна (International Encyclopedia of Women Composers, by Aaron I. Cohen), впервые изданную в 1981 г. и включавшую более 5000 статей.
89
Beer (2016).
90
Несмотря на то, что Фанни Гензель с детства считалась необычайно одаренной, отец сказал ей, что профессионально сочинять музыку позволительно ее брату, Феликсу Мендельсону, а для нее музыка может и должна остаться лишь дамским рукоделием, приятным времяпрепровождением.
91
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/9790633/Will-Govesposh-white-blokes-history-curriculum-ignore-women.html.
92
Грэдграйнд – персонаж романа Чарльза Диккенса «Тяжелые времена» (1854), «поклонявшийся только фактам». – Прим ред.