The pre-Hashel Hadramaut industry of the multi-layered Al-Guza cave site in Yemen is characterized by inventory typical of Olduvai monuments. Based on geomorphological, stratigraphic paleomagnetic data from the lower culture-containing horizon H, it can be concluded that the human settlement of Southern Arabia occurred about 1.651.35 million years ago. In the early Paleolithic era, it was Arabia that became the first place from where humanity began its march across the planet. At the site of Homo erectus Saffaqah, located in the center of Saudi Arabia, archaeologists have found about 8 thousand artifacts, including a huge number of tools made of andesite. In Saudi Arabia, 46 Lower Paleolithic archaeological sites containing stone tools and animal bones were found in the Nefud desert near the dried-up beds of Paleozoic lakes.
The Acheulean industry was discovered in South Arabia at the Mashhad III parking lot, the location of Jol-Urum (Hadhramaut). The Mashhad III site reveals similarities with the Ashel of the Middle East and the Kharga oasis in Egypt. The stone industry of the Upper Paleolithic from the sites of Hadramaut (Mashhad IV and V, Al-Gabr IV, XXII, Wadi Dawan IIII, etc.) and the locations of Mahra (Wadi Hurut I and III) is more archaic compared to the European and Middle Eastern Upper Paleolithic industries and merges with the synchronous monuments of the Nile Valley and the Libyan Desert, forming a single cultural province with them. H. A. Amirkhanov considers Hadramaut materials as a South Arabian variant of the "oasis cultures" of the Afro-Asian strip of the dry tropics. On the territory of South Arabia, the most important stratified Neolithic complexes in Hadramaut are As-Safa I, Mashhad XXI, in Mahr Habarut I and II, Msabig canopy, Khbek cave. In the early Neolithic of Arabia (VIIIVI thousand BC), H. A. Amirkhanov identifies two sharply distinct cultural complexes: South Arabian and East Arabian. The industry of the East Arabian complex reveals its proximity to the pre-Ceramic Neolithic of the Middle East was formed under the direct influence of Mesopotamian cultural impulses.
In Turkey, not far from one of the oldest temple complexes in the world, Gebekli Tepe (Sanliurfa province), archaeologists have found 11 more large hills created by humans, mounds literally surround structures built about 12 thousand years ago, at a distance of 100 kilometers. A migration hub is also being formed here, from where people begin to move to other regions and form language groups. This is most likely where the so-called nostratic languages are created. Danish linguist X. Pedersen at one time put forward a hypothesis about the genetic connection of the languages of several major families that were considered unrelated. He called these languages "nostratic" (from Lat. noster is ours). The research of the Soviet linguist V. M. Illich-Svitych has shown the scientific validity of combining Indo-European, Semitic-Hamitic, Uralic, Altaic and some languages into a large nostratic macrofamily of languages. This macrofamily was formed in the Upper Paleolithic on the territory of Southwest Asia and adjacent areas. During the retreat of the last Wurm glaciation and climatic warming in the Mesolithic, Nostratic tribes settled over a vast territory of Asia and Europe; they pushed back, and partially assimilated the tribes that lived there earlier. In this historical process, nostratic tribes formed a number of separate areas, where the formation of special language families began. The largest of them, the IndoEuropean linguistic community began to form first in the region of Central Asia the archaeological culture of Kelteminar, then on the territory of the Southern Urals, and then in the "Big Steppe" from the Altai to the Black Sea region.
As archaeological cultures that could be correlated with the area of the pan-Indo-European cultural complex, scientists call the Khalaf, Ubeid, Chatal-Huyuk cultures in Southwest Asia and the Kuro-Araksin in Transcaucasia. The secondary intermediate ancestral homeland of the Indo-Europeans, according to these scientists, was the Northern Black Sea region, where their settlement dates back to the III millennium BC. To the south of the area of the Indo-European family, the core of the Semitic-Hamitic (Afrasian) language family may have formed. To the north of the Indo-Europeans lived, apparently, the carriers of the Kartvelian protolanguage, to the east the Dravidian proto-language. The ancestral home of the Uralic (Finno-Ugric and Samoyed) Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic-Manchu languages was probably located on the northeastern periphery. This nostratic macrofamily of languages includes Indo-European, Semitic-Hamitic, or Afrasian, Kartvelian, Uralic, Dravidian, Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchurian, Chukchi-Kamchatka and possibly Eskimo-Aleut language families. The languages of this huge macro-family are now spoken by over 2/3 of the entire world population.
The spread of Nostratic languages was probably both through the settlement of ancient people of the modern species, and through contacts between their various tribal groups. There is reason to assume that in southeast Asia, at about the same time, another ancient language macrofamily (or trunk) was formed the Pacific, the differentiation of which led to the development of SinoTibetan, Austroasiatic and Austronesian languages. Other scientists (including many Soviet linguists) believed that the most likely time of the formation of language families are the later periods of history corresponding to the Neolithic (New Stone Age) and the Bronze Age of archaeological periodization (8-2 thousand BC). The formation of the oldest language families at this time was associated with the allocation of mobile, mainly pastoral tribes and their intensive migrations, which intensified the processes of language differentiation and assimilation. It should be noted, however, that the real differences between both points of view are not so great, since the formation of different language families did not occur at the same time and was a very long process.
Earlier than others, ethnic communities probably formed, speaking languages that are currently preserved among small peoples living on the periphery of the primitive ecumene the land area inhabited by people (Greek. "eikeo" to inhabit). These languages are distinguished by a great variety of phonetic composition and grammar, often forming imperceptible transitions between themselves, going back, perhaps, to the era of primitive linguistic continuity. Such languages, which are very difficult to geneologically classify, include the languages of American Indians, "Paleoasiates of Siberia", Australians, Papuans of New Guinea, Bushmen and Hottentots, and some peoples of West Africa already known to us.
The South Arabian cultural complex was formed on a local substrate and preserved the traditional (North African) direction of cultural ties. At the early stage of the late Neolithic of the Arabian Peninsula (V millennium BC), the disappearance of the East Arabian complex was noted with the transformation of the South Arabian cultural complex towards the "desert Neolithic", showing similarities with the Kapsian industry and the Fayum Neolithic of the Nile Valley and Eastern Sahara. Specific elements already in the VIII thousand BC for the South Arabian Neolithic in the Fayum oasis are recorded only in the V thousand BC . E., which indicates the direction of cultural influences from Arabia towards North Africa. The PostNeolithic monuments of South Arabia (II-I thousand BC) were synchronous with the culture of the Bronze Age and the early urban civilization of this territory and smoothly transformed into the culture of the historically modern nomadic Bedouin population