С 1890 по 2016 год в США ценность, создаваемая одним работником в час, возросла в 13 раз, в Германии – в 16 раз, в Великобритании – в 8 раз. И хотя столь блестящим результатам способствовали и другие факторы (в частности, накопление капитала, всеобщее образование и научные открытия), наибольшее влияние оказали достижения в области бюрократического управления, включая оптимизацию документооборота, планирование производства, отчетность по отклонениям, оплату по результату и бюджетирование капиталовложений.
При всей своей «обесчеловеченности» бюрократия оставалась, по мнению Вебера, «более прогрессивной по сравнению с любой другой организационной формой по точности, стабильности, жесткости дисциплины и надежности функционирования», на основании чего обеспечивала «наивысший уровень эффективности»[30]
Сноски
1
Gustavo Grullon, Yelena Larkin and Roni Michaely. “Are US Industries Becoming More Concentrated?”, April 2017, Review of Finance 23, no. 4 (2019): 697–743, doi: 10.1093/rof/rfz007.
2
Bruce A. Blonigen and Justin R. Pierce. “Evidence for the Effects of Mergers on Market Power and Efficiency”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 22750, October 2016, http://www.nber.org/papers/w22750.pdf.
3
Последний анализ данных по США от Jan De Loecker, Jan Eeckhout and Gabriel Unger, “The Rise of Market Power and the Macroeconomic Implications”, working paper, November 2019, http://www.janeeckhout.com/wp-content/uploads/RMP.pdf. Для общемировых данных см. De Loecker and Eeckhout. “Global Market Power”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 24768, 2018, https://www.nber.org/papers/w24768.
4
James E. Bessen. “Accounting for Rising Corporate Profits: Intangibles or Regulatory Rents?”, Boston University School of Law, Law and Economics Research Paper No. 16–18, November 9, 2016, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstractid=2778641.
5
Council of Economic Advisers, Benefits of Competition and Indicators of Market Power, Issue Brief, April 2016.
6
Eric Posner and Glen Weyl. “The Real Villain Behind Our Gilded Age”, New York Times, May 1, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/01/opinion/monopoly-power-new-gilded-age.html.
7
Joe Weisenthal. “Goldman Sachs Forced to Fundamentally Question How Capitalism Is Working”, Sydney Morning Herald, February 4, 2016, https://www.smh.com.au/business/goldman-sachs-forced-to-fundamentally-question-how-capitalism-is-working-20160204-gmljq0.html.
8
Jay Shambaugh et al. “Thirteen Facts about Wage Growth”, Brookings, September 25, 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/research/thirteen-facts-about-wage-growth/.
9
Max Muro, Robert Maxin and Jacob Whiton. Automation and Artificial Intelligence, Brookings Policy Program, January 2019, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/2019.01_BrookingsMetro_Automation-AI_Report_Muro-Maxim-Whiton-FINAL-version.pdf.
10
Ljubica Nedelkoska and Glenda Quintini. “Automation, Skills Use and Training”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Paper No. 202, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1787/2e2f4eea-en; Claire Cain Miller. “A Darker Theme in Obama’s Farewell: Automation Can Divide Us,” New York Times, January 12, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/upshot/in-obamas-farewell-a-warning-on-automations-perils.html; Elon Musk. Remarks at the National Governors Association 2017 summer meeting, July 17, 2017.
11
Martha Ross and Nicole Bateman. “Meet the Low-Wage Workforce”, Brookings, November 7, 2019, https://www.brookings.edu/research/meet-the-low-wage-workforce/. The labor force as defined by this study is lower than the typical estimates since it excludes some students, the self-employed, and observations with data quality concerns. For trends toward low-wage employment across developed economies, see OECD Employment Outlook 2019: The Future of Work, https://doi.org/10.1787/9ee00155-en.
12
Carl Frey and Michael Osborne. “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 114 (2017): 254–280.
13
Выводы сделаны авторами по результатам исследования Gallup от ноября 2019 года на основе ответов самозанятых и наемных рядовых сотрудников (хотя показатели среди менеджеров ненамного выше). Приведены средневзвешенные данные с использованием методики оценки Gallup.
14
Eric J. Chaisson. Cosmic Evolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001).
15
“Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Trends, 2017–2022,” white paper, February 27, 2019, https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/white-paper-c11–741490.html.
16
James Vincent. “Tesla’s New AI Chip Isn’t a Silver Bullet for Self-Driving Cars,” The Verge, April 24, 2019, https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/24/18514308/tesla-full-self-driving-computer-chip-autonomy-day-specs.
17
Нижняя граница интервала взята с сайта Intel: https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/images/iot/guide-to-iot-infographic.png; Верхняя граница интервала определена профессором Винсентом Пуром из Принстонского университета: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1702808&HistoricalAwards=false.
18
“Cord-Neverand Cord-CutterHouseholds,2019–2023,” eMarketer report, July 2019.
19
Aaron Pressman. “For the First Time, More Americans Pay for Internet VideoThan Cable or Satellite TV,” Fortune, March 19, 2019, http://fortune.com/2019/03/19/cord-cutting-record-netflix-deloitte.
20
“GM Share Finally on the Upswing,” Automotive News, November 27, 2017, http://www.autonews.com/article/20171127/OEM/171129852/gm-share-up-final-assembly. Показатели доли рынка за 2018 и 2019 годы взяты из данных компании GM о ее доле на рынке США за период с 2000 по 2019 год. Statista, February 2020, https://www.statista.com/statistics/239607/vehicle-sales-market-share-of-general-motors-in-the-united-states/.
21
Andrew J. Hawkins. “GM WillRelease at Least 20 All-ElectricCars by 2023,” TheVerge, October 2, 2017, https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/2/16400900/gm-electric-car-hydrogen-fuel-cell-2023.
22
“The Arts and Crafts Consumer-U.S.,” Mintel Research, January 2016, https://store.mintel.com/the-arts-and-crafts-consumer-us-january-2016.
23
Так в оригинальном тексте. На самом деле компания была продана менее чем за $100 млн. Прим. пер.
24
Gallup. “State of the Global Workforce,” 2017.
25
Пинк Д. Драйв. Что на самом деле нас мотивирует. М.: Альпина, 2016.
26
Jim Harter and Amy Adkins. “Employees Want a Lot More from Their Managers”, Gallup.com, April 8, 2015, https://www.gallup.com/workplace/236570/employees-lot-managers.aspx.
27
Amy Adkins. “Only 35 % of U. S. ManagersAre Engaged in Their Jobs”, Gallup.com, April 2, 2015, http://news.gallup.com/businessjournal/182228/managers-engaged-jobs.aspx.
28
Вебер, Макс. Хозяйство и общество: очерки понимающей социологии [Текст]: в 4 т. – М.: Изд. дом Высшей школы экономики, 2019. Т. IV. Господство. – 542 с. С. 45. Max Weber, in Economy and Society, ed. G. Roth and C. Wittich (Berkeley: Universityof California Press, 1978), 975.
29
Все новое – это хорошо забытое старое (фр.). Прим. пер.
30
Max Weber. Theory of Social and Economic Organization, trans. A. M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1947), 337.